{"id":6455,"date":"2020-07-03T11:48:42","date_gmt":"2020-07-03T08:48:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/?p=6455"},"modified":"2020-07-06T01:36:21","modified_gmt":"2020-07-05T22:36:21","slug":"%da%86%db%95-%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86%db%8c-%db%8c%da%a9-%d9%85%d9%84%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/?p=6455","title":{"rendered":"\u0686\u06d5 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0644\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"<section  class='av_textblock_section av-k7824krl-fc39594dc74a996faf987d79beb46c61 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong>\u0626\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u06ce\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5!<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-k781svou-2bf128f3461e148c99c3bade75d78505\">\n.av-player.av-k781svou-2bf128f3461e148c99c3bade75d78505{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id=\"av_player-1\" class=\"av-player av-player-container av-k781svou-2bf128f3461e148c99c3bade75d78505 avia-playerstyle-minimal av_player-1  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_one_full  first avia-playlist-custom-font-color avia-playlist-hide-cover\"><div class=\"av-player-player-container\"><div class=\"wp-playlist wp-audio-playlist wp-playlist-light\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-current-item\"><\/div>\n\t\t<audio controls=\"controls\" preload=\"none\" width=\"1478\"\n\t\t\t><\/audio>\n\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-next\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wp-playlist-prev\"><\/div>\n\t<noscript>\n\t<ol>\n\t\t<li><a href='https:\/\/govartishk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/The-Seasons-Op.-37a-No.-5-May.-White-Nights.mp3'>The Seasons, Op. 37a No. 5, May. White Nights<\/a><\/li>\t<\/ol>\n\t<\/noscript>\n\t<script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"wp-playlist-script\">{\"type\":\"audio\",\"tracklist\":true,\"tracknumbers\":false,\"images\":false,\"artists\":false,\"tracks\":[{\"src\":\"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/The-Seasons-Op.-37a-No.-5-May.-White-Nights.mp3\",\"type\":\"audio\/mpeg\",\"title\":\"The Seasons, Op. 37a No. 5, May. White Nights\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\\\"The Seasons, Op. 37a No. 5, May. 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\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong>\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647\u0627: <\/strong>\u062a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f 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\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637 \u06a9\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f. .. \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f .&#8221; \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong>\u0644\u0648\u06af\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af\u06cc\u0647\u0627: <\/strong>\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06d5\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u0627: <\/strong>\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0628\u06d5\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0644\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u062a ( \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f 20 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f ) \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u0647\u0627: \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647\u00a0 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u06a9\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u06cc \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0698\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f. (\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0698 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0626\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong>\u0644\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647\u0627: <\/strong>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u0627\u060c \u06af\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f .<sup>4<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong>\u067e\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u0627: <\/strong>\u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0622\u0632\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06d5\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong>\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u0647\u0627: <\/strong>\u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0645\u067e\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u06cc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 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style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0646\u062c \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u062e\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0648 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u06d5\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u062c \u062a\u0648\u062f\u06d5\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0644\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><br class=\"avia-permanent-lb\" \/><strong><span style=\"color: #94c11e; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">\u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0686\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Weber cites a 1911 observer as noting that &#8216;for peasants and workers, the mother<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">tongue is patois, the foreign speech is French&#8217; (1976, p. 73). Earlier (1976, p. 67), he<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">offers data demonstrating that at least 25 per cent of the population could speak no<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">French and that French was considered a foreign language by approximately half of the<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">population who achieved adulthood between 1875 and 1900.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">This work was the co-ordinated effort of six of the United States&#8217; most<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">distinguished scholars.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Absence from the list of peoples covered should not be viewed as divergence from<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">the pattern. Exclusion might be due to the fact that there was no significant migration<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">prior to World War I (for example, the Estonians); that the migrants tended to be drawn<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">from urban environments (the French); that the literacy rate was extremely high (the<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Swedes); that the migrants came from outside the traditional homeland (most Serbs and<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Magyars came respectively from outside Serbia and contemporary Hungary); that the<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">ethnic category actually contained large numbers of non-members (it is estimated, for<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">example, that not more than 17 per cent of the migrants classified as Russian were<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">actually so; some 58 per cent were Jewish, 11 per cent were Polish, and 8 per cent were<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">German); or that the entry in the <em>Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">furnished no information on self-held group identities at the time of migration.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">The degree to which those who identified themselves as Kashubes felt they<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">constituted a separate national gTOup is suggested by a leading United States dictionary<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">published in 1914; &#8216;<em>Kashoob \u2013 <\/em>a member of a people inhabiting part of Poland and the<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">coast of Danzig whose language is Kashubian and whose chief pursuit is agriculture.&#8217;<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Elsewhere, the dictionary distinguished between Kashubian and Polish: &#8216;<em>Kashubian \u2013 <\/em>a<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">language of the West Slavonic group resembling Polish and spoken in Danzig, Prussia,<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">and its vicinity.&#8217; (See the entry <em>Kashoob <\/em>in Funk and Wagnalls, 1914.)<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"5\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">The Funk and Wagnalls 1914 dictionary referred to these people as Malo-Russians<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">(Little Russians) but subsumed this category, along with the Belorussians, as part of a<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Russian identity. It did note parenthetically that Malo-Russians were &#8216;sometimes termed<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Ruthenians or Ukrainians.&#8217; (See the entry <em>Russian <\/em>in Funk and Wagnalls, 1914.)<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"6\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">For evidence that the Montenegrin view of group-self is not yet settled, see<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Connor (1984, pp. 333-4. 381-2).<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"7\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">While the Yugoslav census recorded no people claiming Bulgarian descent within<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Macedonia, it did report the presence of such people immediately across the<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Macedonian border in Serbia, further feeding a suspicion that those within Macedonia<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">claiming a Bulgarian descent were simply not recorded.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"8\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">For a discussion of whether a single sense of national consciousness has<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">transcended the highlander-lowlander division within Scotland, as well as a discussion of<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">the relative weakness of an Italian consciousness, see Connor (forthcoming).<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"9\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Operating on a larger canvas, Alexandre Bennigsen was the best known of a<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">number of CentralAsian specialists who for some years maintained that the Central<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Asian peoples of the Soviet Union shared a common Muslim identity that rendered<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">insignificant an identity such as Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkman, etc. Supporting data for this<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">thesis, which runs counter to the experiences of Islamic peoples elsewhere, have not<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">been offered. Recent developments suggest that the individual ethno-national are<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">stronger than the common religious bond.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"10\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">For more details, see Connor (1984, pp. 128-71). Among the groups taking the<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">position that the Croats, Serbs, etc. were merely tribal components of a single Yugoslav<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">nation was the Yugoslav Communist Party. For example, a declaration of the Croatian<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Social Democrats of 1 May 1918 asserted that &#8216;Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs are one and<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">the same people, and that as a consequence they have all the attributes of one people,<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">and especially in this respect. .. that they constitute an independent free state&#8217;. In a<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">similar vein, the Serbian Social Democrats proclaimed in November of the same year:<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">&#8216;The Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes are one nation, for they have one language and<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">identical remaining ethnic characteristics. They feel like one people and desire union. It<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">follows that their union in one national state is a great, political, economic, and cultural<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">need which is beyond any discussion.&#8217;<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"11\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Hus is cited as saying: &#8216;The Bohemians must be first in the kingdom of Bohemia,<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">as are the French in the kingdom of France. The laws, the divine will, the natural<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">instinct, command that they shall occupy the first place.&#8217; And Henry IV: &#8216;As you speak<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">the French language by nature, it is reasonable that you should be the subjects of a king<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">of France. I quite agree that the Spanish language should belong to the Spaniard and the<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">German to the German. But the whole region of the French language must be mine&#8217;<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">(Sulzbach. 1943, pp. 12-13).<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"12\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">The magnitude of the cleavage is suggested by the following citation<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">(<em>Nationalism: A Report by a Study Group of Members of the Royal Institute of<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><em>International Affairs <\/em>1939, p. 96): &#8216;It was said of a Croat landowner of the 19th century<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">that he would sooner have regarded his horse than his peasant as a member of the Croat<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">nation. The same was true of most Polish and Magyar landowners of the period&#8217;. From<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">this perspective, the so-called &#8216;Polish Question&#8217; that occupied Europe&#8217;s leaders from the<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">late-eighteenth century until World War I could more accurately be described as an \u00e9lite<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">rather than a national question.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"13\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">An interesting illustration of the incompatibility between outcast group and<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">nation is offered by the <em>burakumin <\/em>of Japan. Although these people are physically<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">indistinguishable from the Japanese, the Japanese treat them as contaminated inferiors<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">with whom all social intercourse is to be avoided. This treatment is justified by the<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">popularly held conviction \u2013 all biological and historical evidence to the contrary<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">notwithstanding \u2013 that <em>burakumin <\/em>are not of Japanese descent. A number of quite<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">fanciful theories of the <em>burakumir\u00eds <\/em>separate descent have been periodically promoted,<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">because upon such myths depends the justification for perpetuating the social ostracism<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">of these people, that is, for denying them membership of an extended family.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"14\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">The case of France is somewhat different, since the system was much less stable,<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">with non-democratic political regimes in power during much of the late-eighteenth and<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">early-nineteenth centuries. However, the franchise was still extremely limited more than<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">a half century after the French Revolution. According to Hall and Albion (1946, p. 613),<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">the Revolution of 1830 only extended the vote to one in every 200 adult males. Palmer<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">and Cotton (1971, p. 498) place the post-1830 French figure at one voter in every thirty<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">adult males, as contrasted with a pre-1830 figure of one in every sixty male adults.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Whatever the correct figure, it is evident that a highly \u00e9litist view of the nation prevailed<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">at least until the upheavals of 1848.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"15\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">For a contemporary case of such confusion by a Soviet author, see Dumin<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">(1988). As reported by Kathleen Mihalisko (1988, p. 2), Dumin avers that Belorussian<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">nationhood dates to the medieval era, although we have seen from the United States&#8217;<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">migrant data that this sense of nationhood had probably not infected the masses as<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">recently as World War I.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"16\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">For references to several such polls, see Connor (1988).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">References<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">BLOCH, MARC 1964 <em>Feudal Society, <\/em>translated by L. A. Manyon, Chicago: University<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">of Chicago Press<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">CARR, EDWARD HALLETT 1967 <em>Nationalism and After, <\/em>London: Macmillan<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">CONNOR, WALKER (forthcoming) &#8216;From tribe to nation?&#8217;. <em>History of European Ideas<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">_____ 1988 &#8216;From a theory of relative economic deprivation toward a theory of relative<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">political deprivation&#8217;, paper presented at the <em>Conference of the International Sociological<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong><em>Association&#8217;s Research Committee on Ethnic, Race and Minority Relations, <\/em><\/strong><strong>Amsterdam,<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">8-10 December<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">_____ <strong>1984 <em>The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy, <\/em>Princeton:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Princeton University Press<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">DUMIN, S. 1988 &#8216;Shlyakham ab&#8217;ektyunaga vyvuchennya&#8217;, <em>Litaratura i mastatstva,<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">8 July, as reported by Kathleen Mihalisko, &#8216;Historian outlines revisionist view of<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Belorussia&#8217;s past&#8217;. <em>Radio Liberty, RL 415\/88. <\/em>8 September 1988, p. 2<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">EMERSON, RUPERT 1960 <em>From Empire to Nation, <\/em>Boston: Beacon<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong>FUNK &#038; WAGNALLS 1914 <em>New Standard Dictionary of the English Language. <\/em>New<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">York: Funk &#038; Wagnalls<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">HALL, WALTER PHELPS and ALBION, ROBERT GREENHALGH 1946 <em>A History<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong><em>of England and the British Empire, <\/em><\/strong><strong>2nd ed., Boston: Ginn<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL (ed.) 1934 &#8216;France: historical outline&#8217;, in <em>A Reference<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong><em>History of the World from the Earliest Times to the Present, <\/em><\/strong><strong>Springfield, MA: Merriam<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong><em>HARVARD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN ETHNIC GROUPS <\/em><\/strong><strong>1980 Cambridge,<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">MA: Harvard University Press<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">HERBERT, SYDNEY 1919 <em>Nationality and Its Problems, <\/em>New York: Dutton<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong>HUIZINGA, JOHANN 1959 <em>Men and Ideas: History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance,<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">New York: Free Press, as republished in Leon Tipton (ed.), <em>Nationalism in the Middle<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><em>Ages, <\/em>New York: Holt, Rinehart &#038; Winston, 1972<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">KEEFE, EUGENE <em>et al. <\/em>1971 <em>Area Handbook for Albania, <\/em>United States Government<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Printing Office<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">PALMER, R.R. and COTTON, JOEL 1971 <em>A History of the Modern World, <\/em>4th ed.,<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">New York: Knopf<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong><em>NATIONALISM: A REPORT BY A STUDY GROUP OF MEMBERS OF THE<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong><em>ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS <\/em><\/strong><strong>1939 London: Oxford<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">University Press<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">SOCOR, VLADIMIR 1989 &#8216;The Moldavian democratic movement: structure, program,<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong>and initial impact&#8217;, <em>Radio Free Europe RAD Background Report\/21, <\/em>9 February<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">SULZBACH, WALTER 1943 <em>National consciousness, <\/em>Washington: American Council<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">on Public Affairs .<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong>WEBER, EUGEN 1976 <em>Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France,<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><em>1870-1914, <\/em>Stanford: Stanford University Press<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><strong>WALKER CONNOR <\/strong>is John R. Reitemeyer Professor of Political Science at Trinity<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">College, Hartford, Connecticut.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">ADDRESS: Department of Political Science, Trinity College, 300 Summit Street,<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\">Hartford, CT 06106, USA.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #94c11e; font-size: 14pt; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><a style=\"color: #94c11e;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01419870.1990.9993663\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01419870.1990.9993663<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div id=\"ftn66\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-38bdmp-cf7b848c2c87c947ba2a3f60061cc378\">\n.flex_column.av-38bdmp-cf7b848c2c87c947ba2a3f60061cc378{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-38bdmp-cf7b848c2c87c947ba2a3f60061cc378 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_one_full  avia-builder-el-last  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-k798nxrg-e7ef46f034bc5f74be208177f7cf48a4\">\n.avia-image-container.av-k798nxrg-e7ef46f034bc5f74be208177f7cf48a4 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-k798nxrg-e7ef46f034bc5f74be208177f7cf48a4 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-k798nxrg-e7ef46f034bc5f74be208177f7cf48a4 av-styling- avia_animated_image av-animated-when-visible-95 bottom-to-top avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-6341 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-6341 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/pdf-tishk.svg\" alt='' title='pdf tishk'  height=\"80\" width=\"80\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-k7841bht-299c2e6b8af9511749b358fedef03d28 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u0686\u06d5-\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc-\u06cc\u06a9-\u0645\u0644\u062a-\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f-\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #94c11e; font-family: shasenem-kiteb;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">\u0628\u06c6 \u062f\u0627\u06af\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u06d5 \u0634\u06ce\u0648\u06d5\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc PDF, \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06ce\u0631\u06d5 \u0628\u06a9\u06d5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6334,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6455","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-77"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/AA8-scaled.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pbFtRD-1G7","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6455","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6455"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6455\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6564,"href":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6455\/revisions\/6564"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6334"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6455"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6455"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/govartishk.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6455"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}